انګلیش ګرامر
تعریف: ګرامر د معیارونو یوه مجموعه ده چي د جملو جوړښت او د هغو برخي تشریح کوي.
مثال:
I am typing English grammar.
دغه جمله صحیح ده او ۵ لغاتونه لري. په دغه جمله کي I فاعل دئ، am typing دوه فعلونه دي او English grammar مفعول دئ.
موږ نسو کولای English grammar د typing فعل فاعل کړو:
English grammar is typing me.
د ګرامر ډولونه:
ګرامر ډېر ډولونه لري لکه: تاریخي (historical)، مقایسوي (comparative)، توصیفي (prescriptive)، تشریحي (descriptive)، عملي یا وظیفوي (functional)، او داسي نور.
زموږ و ستاسو سروکار به د تشریحي (descriptive) او عملي (functional) ګرامر سره وي.
تشریحي ګرامر ـ Descriptive grammar:
دا چي ژبه څنګه استعمالېږي او خبري په کېږي شرحه کوي. همدارنګه د هر لغات ډول او دنده په جملو کي شرحه کوي.
مثال:
Ahmad came with his brother.
په لوړ مثال کي، Ahmadاسم دئ او کار ترسره کوي. Came یو فعل دئ او د احمد عمل ښیي. WITH یو حرف اضافي دئ او د جملې د دوهم اسم his brother رابطه د احمد د عمل سره ښیي. Brother یو اسم دئ او د حرف اضافي مفعول دئ.
عملي ګرامر ـ Functional grammar:
راښیي چي لغاتونه خپل کارونه په جملو کي سم ترسره کوي که یا او موږ ته د صحیح اصلاحاتو او د جملو د صحیح ترکیب جوړښت راښیي.
مثال:
I and Ahmad came.
اما داسي نه وایو:
Me and Ahmad came.
دغه جمله کي د Me لغت د بل لغت پر ځای استعمال سوی دئ نو جمله صحیح نه ده.
Grammar Definition:
A set of standards that describes the structure of sentences or parts of them.
Example:
I am typing English grammar.
This is a correct example and has 5 words; I as a subject, AM TYPING as the verbs, ENGISH GRAMMAR as the object.
We don’t say:
English grammar is typing me.
Kinds of Grammar
There are different kinds of grammar; historical grammar, comparative grammar, prescriptive grammar, descriptive grammar, functional grammar, and so on.
Our focus will be on descriptive and functional grammar.
Descriptive grammar:
describes how a language is used and spoken. It tells us what every word is and what every word does.
Example: Ahmad came with his brother.
In the above example, Ahmad is a noun and does the action. Came is a verb and shows Ahmad’s action. WITH is a preposition and relates the second noun (his brother) with Ahmad’s action (came). HIS is a pronoun and has replaced Ahmad’s name and ‘s. BROTHER is a noun and is the object of the preposition.
Functional grammar:
tells you how words behave when they are doing their jobs properly and guides you to the right expression — the one that fits what you’re trying to say — by ensuring that the sentence is put together correctly.
Example:
I and Ahmad came.
We don’t say: Me and Ahmad came
لیکنه: احمدالله صمیمي